Spatial distribution of wave-by-wave overtopping behind vertical seawall with recurve retrofitting

Understanding the spatial distribution of wave overtopping water behind coastal protection structures is essential for assessing safety level regions defences. The volume determines planning and arrangements critical infrastructures (e.g., railways, roads buildings) in regions. This study presents a series laboratory-scale physical modelling experiments to investigate plain vertical seawall with recurve retrofitting. hydrodynamic conditions are designed mimic both swell storm sea conditions. Tests were conducted range relative freeboard empirical-based predictive equations derived mean extreme events under impulsive non-impulsive Test results showed that impact hazard zone reduces up 87% increase (Rc/Hm0). was found be 3 times volumes. effectiveness retrofitting on mitigating investigated three prototypes varying overhang length recurve's height. It provides higher reductions wall improve climate resilience seawall. highlight more effective reducing findings this provide key data formulae robust assessments zones defence during mild climatic events.